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  • Overview
  • Glossary
  • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Foundations of Regulation
    • Utility Market Reforms
    • Development of Regulation
    • Market Structure and Performance
    • Regulating Public vs. Private Operators
    • Theories of Regulation
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Market Structure and Competition
    • Monopoly and Market Power
    • Competition in Utility Markets
    • Competition for the Market
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Financial Analysis
    • Information in the Regulatory Process
    • Regulation of Financial Statements
    • Comparative Analyses
    • Earnings Measurement
    • Cost of Capital
    • Business Decision Making
    • Information Management
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Price Level Regulation
    • Basic Forms of Regulation
    • Incentive Features
    • Features of Price and Revenue Cap Regulation
    • Earnings Sharing
    • Issues
    • Benchmarking and Yardstick Analyses
    • Conducting A Price Review
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Tariff Design
    • Economics of Tariff Design
      • Ramsey Pricing
      • Multipart Pricing
      • Price Discrimination
      • Optional Tariffs
      • Non-linear Prices
      • Peak Load Pricing
      • Summary
    • Pricing for the Poor
    • Pricing in Competitive Environments
    • Demand Forecasting
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Quality, Social, Environmental Issues
    • Quality of Service
    • Environmental and Safety Issues
    • Regulation, Renewable Energy, and Energy Efficiency
    • Social Aspects
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Regulatory Process
    • Leadership In Regulation
    • Institutional Design
    • Reviews and Appeals of Regulatory Decisions
    • Ethics
    • Stakeholder Relations
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Fragile or Conflict-Affected Countries
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
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  • Laissez Faire
  • Late Charge
  • Late Payment
  • Law
  • Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
  • LEC (Local Exchange Carrier)
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  • Liberalization
  • License
  • Licensing
  • Lifeline Rates
  • Licensing Service Specifications
  • Light-Handed Incentives for Efficiency
  • Light-Handed Regulation
  • Limited Company
  • Limited Disconnection
  • Limited Liability
  • Liquid Assets
  • Liquidity
  • Litigation
  • Load
  • Load Centers
  • Load Curve
  • Load Factor
  • Load Following
  • Load Management
  • Load Profile
  • Load Shifting
  • Loan Principal
  • Lobbying
  • Local Call
  • Local Distribution Company (LDC)
  • Local Exchange
  • Local Loop
  • Long Distance Call
  • Long Run
  • Long Run Average Cost Curve
  • Long-Term Liquidity Ratios
  • Loss (Energy, Water and Commercial Losses)
  • Low-Income Tariffs
  • Low-Usage Tariffs