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  • Overview
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  • Foundations of Regulation
    • Utility Market Reforms
    • Development of Regulation
    • Market Structure and Performance
    • Regulating Public vs. Private Operators
    • Theories of Regulation
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Market Structure and Competition
    • Monopoly and Market Power
    • Competition in Utility Markets
    • Competition for the Market
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Financial Analysis
    • Information in the Regulatory Process
    • Regulation of Financial Statements
    • Comparative Analyses
    • Earnings Measurement
    • Cost of Capital
    • Business Decision Making
    • Information Management
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Price Level Regulation
    • Basic Forms of Regulation
    • Incentive Features
    • Features of Price and Revenue Cap Regulation
    • Earnings Sharing
    • Issues
    • Benchmarking and Yardstick Analyses
    • Conducting A Price Review
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Tariff Design
    • Economics of Tariff Design
      • Ramsey Pricing
      • Multipart Pricing
      • Price Discrimination
      • Optional Tariffs
      • Non-linear Prices
      • Peak Load Pricing
      • Summary
    • Pricing for the Poor
    • Pricing in Competitive Environments
    • Demand Forecasting
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Quality, Social, Environmental Issues
    • Quality of Service
    • Environmental and Safety Issues
    • Regulation, Renewable Energy, and Energy Efficiency
    • Social Aspects
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Regulatory Process
    • Leadership In Regulation
    • Institutional Design
    • Reviews and Appeals of Regulatory Decisions
    • Ethics
    • Stakeholder Relations
    • Concluding Observations
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
  • Fragile or Conflict-Affected Countries
    • Related FAQs
    • Annotated Reading List
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  • Abnormal Loss
  • Abnormal Profit
  • Abuse of Dominant Position
  • Access
  • Access Charge
  • Access Pricing
  • Accountability
  • Accounting
  • Administrative Bodies
  • Aggregator(s)
  • Accounting Separation
  • All Party Settlement
  • Advances
  • Allocative Efficiency
  • Accrual Accounting
  • Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
  • Adverse Selection
  • Alternative Electric Supplier (AES)
  • Acid Test Ratio
  • Amortization
  • Advisory Bodies
  • Affermage
  • Ancillary Services
  • Affiliate
  • Anti-Competitive Behavior
  • After-Tax Cost of Debt
  • Appeal Bodies
  • Agency Problem
  • Appreciation
  • Ad Valorem Tax
  • Arbitage
  • Asset(s)
  • Asset-Transfers
  • Auction
  • Agency Structure
  • Authorize Payment Location
  • Average Cost Pricing
  • Average Costs
  • Average Fixed Cost
  • Average Rate of Return
  • Average Revenue
  • Average Tax Rate
  • Average Total Costs (ATC)
  • Average Variable cost (AVC)
  • Averch-Johnson Effect (AJ Effect)
  • Avoided Cost